Islamic banking system study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Issue Of Underage Drinking Social Work Essay

The Issue Of Underage Drinking Social Work Essay The issue and commonness of youngsters (under 18) savoring liquor late years has gotten a matter of expanding open worry, with current patterns among the most noticeably terrible in Europe (Gunning et al 2010). Drinking during youth, especially overwhelming drinking is related with a scope of issues including physical and emotional well-being issues, liquor related mishaps, viciousness, and hostile to social conduct (Gunning et al 2010). Youthful bodies are as yet developing, and liquor can hurt their turn of events; ordinary drinking can prompt malignant growth, liver infection, and heart issue in later life (Bateman 2011). Passings from liver illness have risen limitlessly in the 25-34 age bunches in the course of the most recent 10 years; thought to be an outcome of expanded drinking beginning from a previous age (Thomson et al 2008). In England in 2007/2008, in excess of 7600 youngsters under 17 were admitted to emergency clinic because of drinking liquor (Gunning et al 2010). It is accepted that youngsters who begin drinking liquor at an early age, drink more, and drink more regularly than the individuals who postpone the beginning of drinking until they are more established. They are additionally bound to create liquor misuse/reliance issues in pre-adulthood and adulthood; reliance is likewise liable to happen from an a lot more youthful age (Gunning et al 2010). An ongoing review did in 2010 by the National Center for Social Research (NatCen) to decide the smoking, drinking and medication utilization of auxiliary school students matured 11 to 15; (7,674 understudies in 247 schools using surveys) strikingly found that the extent of youngsters who have tanked liquor had diminished in correlation with before discoveries from 28 percent in 2001 to 21 percent in 2006 (DH 2008). Anyway it must be expressed that in spite of the fact that there had been a checked abatement in the quantity of youngsters who had tanked liquor; a significant number of the 11 to multi year olds who do drink were portrayed to be devouring bigger measures of liquor, all the more frequently, to purposely become inebriated (Bateman 2011). This examination likewise passed on that 18% of students had smashed liquor as of late, is proportionate to around 540,000 youngsters (Gunning et al 2010); proposing that all the more despite everything should be done to invert these unmis takable patterns, as notwithstanding the checked decline liquor abuse in youngsters is as yet a difficult issue that is influencing the wellbeing of the adolescent today and enormously affecting the more extensive network, in that liquor abuse worries about a money related concern; and has been evaluated to cost almost  £11,000 million every year, as far as wellbeing, social government assistance and criminal equity assets (Waller et al 2002). Gathering this sort of information can demonstrate troublesome, as medication and liquor abuse are of a touchy sort and regularly people don't wish to share this data sincerely when addressed. It is especially hard to get from youngsters (younger than 18), as this regularly must be completed inside a school domain, through surveys. The degree to which legitimate revealing happens is again perplexing, as youngsters will frequently misrepresent to peers, and disguise from guardians (Gunning et al 2010). Genuineness isn't the main factor influencing exactness of reactions in youngsters, accuracy of assessments and the review of the measure of liquor alcoholic can likewise be risky, given that understudies examples of conduct between the ages of 11 and 15 might be depicted as trial and irregular contradicted to ongoing and normal (Gunning et al 2010). The National Treatment Agency (NTA) has as of late expressed that youthful people groups substance abuse is a moderately new zone of schol astic investigation thus inquire about on viable treatment intercessions are conflicting (NTA 2010). It is generally recognized that liquor abuse in youth is inseparably connected to various variables; including the impact of guardians/family, peers, condition, culture and financial status (Templeton et al 2006). As per the Acheson report (1999), reliance upon liquor is altogether corresponded with financial position, recommending that the issue is one that is past the compound effect of the substance itself (Nacro Youth Crime Section 1999) concurring with later National measurements and research examines that demonstrate, just as sex and age, financial status, ethnicity and topographical territory of habitation are among the components connected to levels and examples of destructive liquor utilization (Waller et al 2002). So as to focus on the issue of liquor abuse inside youngsters, these elements should have been considered and have since been the guide by which approaches with respect to youth and liquor are actualized (DH 2008); along these lines giving liquor instruction in schools; starting in the essential stage, a long time before examples of standard drinking become set up, intended to teach and prompt youngsters on reasonable drinking designs and the perilous impacts it might have upon them (DH 2008). Guardians and carers likewise have a duty regarding whether their kids drink, by any means, and in the event that they do, how much and how every now and again they drink. Be that as it may, for guardians to feel sure when conversing with their kids about liquor and to enable them to define proper limits they need direction from the suitable administrations (DH 2008). Regarding government methodologies, to focus on the issue of liquor abuse in youngsters; the alliances program for government distributed in May 2010, traces proposition intended to limit the flexibly of liquor to youngsters, under 18 years old, by expanding the control given to committees to close outlets that steadily offer liquor to kids; and to build the most extreme fines for under-age liquor deals. Also, there will be a prohibition on the deals of liquor at underneath cost value (Gunning et al 2010), and a survey of liquor evaluating and tax assessment, the two approaches expected to have specific effect on youthful consumers (Gunning et al 2010). While these approaches are as of now weighted towards anticipation, and embracing precaution methodologies, late insights recommend that most of youngsters getting to administrations and mediations have issues with liquor (37%) and cannabis (53%) (NTA 2010), hence proposing that all the more should be done in the protection phases of liquor mindfulness in kids; as proof recommends that the issue is plainly still on-going. The decision and adequacy of treatment approaches is normally subject to a scope of variables, for example, the individual qualities of the customer for instance inspiration, family life, social conditions and condition; notwithstanding the specific medication or medications that are being utilized (Crow Reeves 1994). The National Treatment Agency (NTA) characterizes youthful people groups treatment as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ care arranged clinical, psychosocial or expert damage decrease mediations planned for mitigating current mischief brought about by a youthful people substance abuse (NTA 2010). Youngsters with medicate related requirements are upheld by mediations and administrations inside a four-layered model of medication and liquor intercessions which comprises of a General Frontline administration conveyance for youngsters and their families (first port of call) (level 1), open-get to administrations, (for example, drop in) (level 2), Drug treatment inside the network (Shared consideration) (level 3) and private medication treatment (expert administrations) (level 4) (NTA 2006). Youthful medication and liquor clients are accepted to vary from grown-ups as they will regularly not have utilized medications for a drawn out timeframe, so as to have built up a reliance to a substance; and therefore influencing the sort of treatment for the most part gave to youngsters (Frontier Economics 2010). Youngsters are destined to require psychosocial, hurt decrease and family mediations, contradicted to treatment for fixation, which most grown-ups yet just a little minority of youngsters require (Frontier Economics 2010). Psychosocial mediations are known as non-pharmacological intercessions commonly including organized directing, inspirational improvement, case the board, and care-coordination, psychotherapy, and backslide counteraction. The goal is to empower conduct and passionate change, with the help of way of life alterations and the upgrade of adapting abilities (Frontier financial matters 2011). The most well-known type of treatment offered for substance abuse is some type of advising; this may appear as guiding for the medication issue itself, for instance musings about utilizing, adapting procedures for diminishing or directing concerning the encompassing issues that sway on sedate use (Lewis et al 2009). Guiding is an adaptable approach and can be utilized to react to a wide assortment of conditions encompassing abuse (Rounsaville Carroll 1992). It is conceivable to distinguish two general ways to deal with directing being used in network tranquilize administrations, the first being, advising to handle the individual issues, fundamental medication abuse and the second being that of help and exhortation to help deal with the outcomes of medication abuse (Bryant-Jeffries 2001). By far most of youngsters getting to authority treatment require and get directing, in some cases close by their families to address the hidden causes and outcomes of substance abuse. Such psychosoci al intercessions are the most widely recognized type of help got to by under-18s (Frontier Economics 2011). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) harmonizes with the possibility of the directing hypothesis, and has suggested that offering brief, balanced exhortation on the destructive impacts of liquor use, and how to diminish the dangers and discover wellsprings of help, is a viable methodology for handling hurtful drinking among kids and youngsters (NICE 2007). The most widely recognized advising way to deal with tranquilize treatment has been psychological conduct draws near. The intellectual social methodology depends enormously on getting the client to concentrate on ide

How Product Packaging Affects Buying Decisions

How Product Packaging Affects Buying Decisions There are at least two types of shoppers. There are those who have a shopping list, whether physical or mental, go to the store, pick what they need and leave.Then there are those who have a shopping list, just like the other group, but once in the store, they somehow forget it.These are those who know what they need, what they want and everything in between.But upon seeing the options available, even if none of them is really new, they start wondering what to pick.Which kind of shopper are you?Chances are that you struggle in staying focused when shopping. You suddenly realize how good a product looks and strongly feel that it’s a good one to buy.The looks of a product has a direct effect on it’s attractiveness. The more attractive the product is, the higher the chances of it being bought.This can only mean one thing: the packaging of a product is not by chance. It’s deliberate. In fact, it’s part of the manufacturer’s strategy to drive more sales.If you find yourself unab le to resist the charm of a product’s package, then know that the people behind the packaging are good at what they do. If you have a business or intend to start one soon, you can learn a lot from this.Let’s look at how product packaging helps companies make more sales and hopefully, more profits.HOW PRODUCT PACKAGES LEAD TO MORE SALESWhen you buy something, you’re interested in what’s inside the package and not the package itself. But how did you end up picking that specific product? Why that brand?Reasons for buying from a specific brand are many. But one thing for sure is that you consider the package.You may love the brand so much that you don’t mind a plain old and boring package. However, if you could just admit it, you really wish such a brand could improve on their packaging efforts.You probably see better-looking products but choose your preferred brand for quality or even health reasons.So why can’t you avoid liking that package even if you’re not buying the product?As a human being, some things are just natural and hard to resist.You’re naturally pulled to attractive things and will even want them for yourself. In some cases, especially if your desires have greater control of your decision-making process, you can even borrow in order to experience that good thing.Your logic and emotions are always fighting to control your will power.As that battle rages, someone somewhere is hoping your emotions win the battle so he makes money from that victory.Marketers all over the world target your emotions because they have scientific proof that emotions are more powerful than logic.Products are therefore designed to be attractive, not so that they look good, but to entice you to buy. It’s almost like a temptation to do something you’re not willing to do.A new company knows that you’re fond of the established company’s products.For that reason, you’re likely to buy from them and not a new company. So, together with other marketing effo rts, they have to ensure their product does a few things.Here are three of them:Catch your attention â€" if you walked into a retail store of any kind and some items caught your attention, it may not be accidental. The manufacturer did a good job in making the product attractive and the store employee positioned it at the right place.Once your attention goes to something, you become interested. That is the first step towards buying. To a sales person or marketer, showing interest means you want to buy, whether you have the money or not.Trigger your emotions â€" but often, you won’t buy simply because the product is attractive. Although some people may, not you. You’re smarter than that, right?Yeah, right, but maybe, just maybe, the people behind the brand are smarter than you think. If you have ever found yourself buying things on impulse, there’s your proof.You fell for something and that was the emotional trigger that was attached to the product’s package.Emotional trigger s work by pulling the strings connected to your historical or present situation. They make you remember something, good or bad, and show you how much you need to act.An example is where you see a product and remember the fun moments you had with your friends the last time you bought the it. You know that the product is great because you enjoyed it last time.Since seeing it makes you want the experience, you start thinking of buying it.Speak to your situation â€" with the trigger pulled, other aspects of the package speak to you and offer solutions which you realize are just what you need. If your logic is still wielding its influence, you may pull your phone out and do some research on the product ingredients.If your emotions are at the driver’s seat, then picking the product, happy to solve your problems, is the natural thing to do. You’re happy and so is the manufacturer of the product. Everyone wins.This doesn’t mean that marketers and businesses in general take advantage o f you.It just means that businesses have embraced science. They make good use of scientific research to increase their sales and profits.HOW PRODUCTS ARE PACKAGED FOR MAXIMUM SALESUnless you’re keen and maybe even know a thing or two about marketing, you may not be able to recognize these truths.But from this article, you’ll be able to learn the thinking behind product packages.With that knowledge, any time you look at products and feel drawn to them, you can take a step back and see what is happening.Here are the things which constitute marketing through product packaging.Package ShapeThe shape of the package may not seem like much. But despite the fact that what truly matters is what is inside, the outside does matter too.Think about luxury cars. In essence, they all have almost the same things but the exterior is what draws all the attention. Once you’re attracted by the outside, chances of loving what’s inside are increased.The shape of the package is majorly used to dra w your attention to the product. And the good thing about shape is that there is a lot of flexibility that can be applied.Packages don’t have to be square, round, triangle etc. Such shapes are okay and can serve the purpose in certain cases. But let’s face it. They are quite boring.A creative designer can come up with a shape that’s quite out of the norm. Such a shape will stand out and catch your attention from a distance. It is that uniqueness that will be responsible for making you interested.The shape of the package is also used to distinguish it from others. It’s an opportunity to create a unique feel once the product is in your hands.This unique feel will then create memories and if you like it, you’ll most likely buy the same product again and again.Why?You want to experience that feel. The shape has become part of the product. If that shape was to change to something else, your satisfaction from using the product will also change. You might even stop buying it.Colo rsColors are also important. In fact, the colors used on a package might as well be the ones attracting you to the product in the first place. The creative use of colors can easily make a product stand out in a shelf full of similar products.And with your attention drawn to it, that becomes the beginning of your product experience.Colors have a powerful effect and the brain interprets them differently. It has also been shown that colors trigger emotional responses. Even in offices, certain colors are used in favor of others.The colors on product packages are deliberately chosen so as to trigger specific emotional responses. This is called the psychology of colors and marketers use it to encourage you to buy from them. Source: HuffPostHere are a few colors and what they’re likely to make you feel or expect from the product.Yellow/orange â€" these two colors can be used differently but often cause you to feel and expect some happy moments. They brighten you up and almost get you thinking of time with friends or family. Ads about fun activities and vacations often feature these colors.Red â€" red is a powerful color and in different situations may be used to send different messages. This color is often used in two ways: to depict danger or create excitement.Products which should be carefully handled will include the red color as a warning. The text might also be in red. On the other hand, this color can also be used to create feelings of excitement. Toys and games often include portions of the packaging done in red color.Green â€" this is the color of the environment. Green signifies a friendliness to the environment. It also ignites feelings of harmony and growth.White â€" white is quite versatile and can be used in many ways. It’s often used as a background color then other colors are used to bring the desired effect. White symbolizes simplicity and purity. As an example, you’ll find milk packets full of the color white.White also symbolizes innocence and purity. As such, children’s products will often be in white packages. The color itself will tell you that it’s important to keep the product and package clean to maintain the purity.Black â€" black is also versatile and appears in many places. However, in many times, black is used to convey power. Have you ever noticed that many premium products, especially for men, are black or packaged in black? The message to men is that they’ll be associated with power.ImagesAs social media will tell you, images are powerful. They communicate better than plain text. Images are also more attractive to the human brain than text because the brain understands things visually.When you read a story for example, your brain uses the words written to paint an image which it then interprets for your understanding. The more descriptive the words, the better the image painted by your brain.The power of images comes from the fact that the brain sees them as semi-processed inputs.If the brain creates images from text so that you can understand, what happens when it receives an image?It’s work significantly reduces. You get to understand more quickly and the brain is able to dedicate its resources to other things.When images are included in product packages, they give you a better experience than when they’re missing.Package TransparencyHave you ever noticed that very few products get packed in such a way that you can’t see what’s inside?It’s intended by the manufacturer that you see what is inside. It’s usually part of the marketing strategy.You must be shown what you’re buying, even if you’ll be shown just a small part of it. In fact, it’s only in few cases that you’ll be shown a huge part of wha t you’re buying.This is meant to raise your expectation so that your desire for the product increases. In seeing part of it, you’ll want to buy it so you can open and experience the whole of it.In some products like cooking oil, the package might be completely transparent. The package is usually a transparent glass or plastic bottle.This can be used to show you the quality of the product or some subtle differences between two versions. For instance, the renowned healthy olive oil comes in various versions.Two common types are the extra virgin and light oils. Using a transparent bottle, it’s easier to see the difference between the two even without anyone explaining it to you. You can tell that the one which is darker has something which the other one doesn’t have.Depending on your needs, knowledge of the differences, you can make a purchasing decision faster and better. Thus if one brand packed the two oils in bottles which don’t show you the difference immediately, you’ ll likely go with the one showing it.Packaging MaterialThe material used to package products also plays a role in helping you decide whether to buy or not. This can be a determining factor especially for the environment-conscious customer.In many places in the world, plastic is considered bad for the environment. They cannot be disposed of well and even burning doesn’t help. In fact burning is worse for the environment.If you are environment-conscious, you’ll likely be displeased by plastic packaging. And if that’s all that there is in the market, a brand using recyclable material will surely stand out and win your love.If your love for the environment is strong enough, you can even go further than that. You might even decide to compromise on quality for the sake of supporting the environment-conscious company.Logos and Brand NamesLogos and brand names also have a role to play in the package of a product. It may seem as if they are there just for the sake of identifying the ma nufacturer of the product. But that is not the whole story.For established businesses or brands, just their name alone is enough to sell a product. For that reason, the inclusion of the company logo and brand name is more than for identification purposes. Take an example of two Macbooks placed side by side. One has the Apple logo while the other has the logo of another company. Which one do you think will be bought as a Macbook?Despite the similar looks, the one with a logo different from Apple’s will be taken to be an imitation of the real thing.Try the same experiment with say, Dell laptops designed for the business executive. Have one with the Dell logo and the other with the Apple logo.As long as you’re selling to someone who prefers Apple, they would believe the Dell laptop with Apple’s logo is made by Apple. The logo alone can make him buy.TypographyThe other element of the package is the typography. This is all about the fonts used to display text information on the pac kage.Fonts are important and are a crucial part of the message being communicated.For example, when writing formal letters, it’s usually advisable to write in Times New Roman or Arial fonts. Using some fancy fonts like those used by graphic designers might cause your message not to be taken seriously.If that was an application for a job, you’re likely to miss the opportunity despite your qualification.Another example is that of a wedding card. The fonts used when designing a wedding card cannot be the same as those used in formal letters.The same applies to products. Depending on the purpose of the product and the targeted customer, the fonts used will differ greatly.Product InformationAnother significant part of the package is the product information available. This is especially important in this age of heightened health concerns.Product information is easily seen in food products.With many Americans keen on reducing their intake of calories, the information provided on a prod uct’s package has become important. And with industry regulators pushing manufacturers to disclose information, the customer is now empowered.The manufacturer who wants to encourage customers to pick his product prints more information. But it’s not just any information but the information likely to get you to prefer one product over the other.A good example can be seen in two make-up products both said to lighten the skin color. One could have information about how it works whereas the other, additionally has the label “paraben-free.”For anyone familiar with the discussions about parabens, they know, almost instinctively, that what they need to take is the one written “paraben-free.”Even without knowing what exactly paraben is, it’s easy to associate it with something bad or dangerous. Since no-one wants dangerous products in their home, won’t it be better to buy the one free of harmful ingredients?CONCLUSIONA product’s package may seem to have very little use to a consumer once it’s time to use it.But do you see how big a role it plays in the decision making process?The knowledge used by the package designers can be used by anyone designing any product’s package.And for those shopping moments, you now know why you keep buying that product which looks so good.

Dreams What Does A Person s Dream Say About Their...

Dreams are a useful and often overlooked tool in psychoanalysis. They provide a way to become aware of one’s unconscious thoughts. Dreams can clarify and sort emotions in new and unexpected ways. One’s most vivid dreams occur during the REM cycle of sleep, these dreams bring one’s body into an excited state which allows the brain to store long-term memories and alter feelings. For the average person, rapid eye movement sleep accounts for one fourth of sleeping time and occurs in bi-hourly cycles. Though much is still unknown about the exact meaning of dreams, scientists do know that dreams play a role is shaping our emotional responses and reactions to the world around us. This leads us to the questions: what does a person s dream say†¦show more content†¦Eventually, Freud’s student Jung developed a second theory of dream analysis. It was Jung’s position that dreams cannot deceive. They are an unfiltered, pure display of the unconscious. W hile he agreed that dreams used fairy tales, myths, symbolism, and culture to convey thought, he was firm in the belief that only the dreamer could determine the true meaning of the dream based on the context of those symbols in their own life. Again, this method of dream interpretation is very subjective. While one’s conscious self may associate a dream with a particular meaning, the unconscious may not have been doing so. Lastly, the newest theory of dream interpretation is the Transformation Theory. In Toward a New Theory of Dreaming, Richard Corrine, Joseph Hart, Werner Icarle, Jerry Binder, Stephen Gold, and Lee Woldenbero describe this new theory: â€Å"Transformation theory views dreams as images of feelings visual images that reflect the dreamer s degree of complete or incomplete feeling.† This theory is unique from the previous two because it views dreams not as a memory storage function to replay past events from our life, but a pure expression of emotions. The complexity and depth of dreams allows one to gauge the completeness of the dreamer’s feeling. Dreaming is a way to store memories and reconcile with the past. Research has shown that people who have had a traumatic experience often use dreaming to cope with the situation. In 2009, a case study was conducted by SiamakShow MoreRelatedHow Dreams Affect Our Personalities1465 Words   |  6 PagesHow dreams affect our personalities Introduction to Psychology By: Spencer Young  Abstract What happens at night when we enter what is called rapid eye movement or rem is called dreaming. What happens when we dream our brain tries to deal with what we’ve done throughout the day. It does this in the form of a dream. What happens when we wake up out of the dream? Does it affect us during the day? Dreams have been found to shape us in ways that is almost unnoticeable to us.  How dreams mayRead MoreDreams, By Sigmund Freud1513 Words   |  7 Pages Dreams can often be mysterious and quite questionable at times. It can leave us wondering what a particular dream means to the dreamer, and we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Science can explain how dreams are related to brain functioning, but only a psychological understanding of the unconscious can explain why a dream happens at a particular time of your life and what it means psychologically. So what exactly are dreams? Strictly speaking, dreams are a series of thoughtsRead MoreSociological Perspective On Psychology : Psychodynamic Psychology1067 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology approach to unlock the human mind. A psychology approach is known as a perspective; today there are many different approaches in psychology that contain specified beliefs about the mind and Human Behavior. Individually each perspective is different they have their strong points and weak points, however each pe rspective does represent important assumptions that were fundamentally researched with methods and questions that are used to answer inquiries in psychology regarding human behavior and theRead MoreThe Between Jung s Personality Theory And Costa And Mccrae s Trait Theory1935 Words   |  8 PagesThe Contrast between Jung s Personality Theory and Costa and McCrae s Trait Theory. The purpose of this paper is to describe Peter’s behaviour according to Jung’s personality theory in contrast with Costa McCrae’s trait theory. Jung s personality theory focuses heavily on the unconscious and how people s dreams are interpreted for one to truly realise their true self (Papadopoulos, 2006, p. 8). 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While Jung was growing he started noticing that he had two personalities just like his mother. This personalities are modern Swiss, and the other personality is more to the eighteenth century. The Swiss personality describes more a schoolboy living in the new eraRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Guru And Enhance Your Mood Right936 Words   |  4 Pagesmost of the time, we don’t necessarily know what is good for us. We’re talking about simple stuff that makes us happy like our dream car, an old school actor who used to be gorgeous, or the sight of a beautiful house. The list could go on, but we will stop at these three examples. Let’s explain why you need to keep these wonderful things in your mind, or should we say why you need to see them as â€Å"feel good gurus†. Imagine how you feel, when you think about a beautiful car you’ve just seen on TV,Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 Pagesplay written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalities fuels the conflict and drives the storyRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Walter Mitty1086 Words   |  5 Pagesdreary, unhappy lives and live a life of action and excitement. This concept is the exact idea that James Thurber wrote about in â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† utilizing indirect characterization and motifs to high light those ideas. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† the characterization through the actions and thoughts of Walter Mitty are employed to expose his personality and subsequently act as a catalyst for the plot development. The story taking place primarily in 1939 Waterbury, ConnecticutRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Ways In Which The American Dream Is Presented Through Walter Younger In Lorraine Hansberry1711 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast the ways in which the American Dream is presented through Walter Younger in Lorraine Hansberry’s ‘ A Raisin in the Sun’ and Willy Lehman in Arthur Miller’s ‘Death of the Salesman’ The American Dream is something many Americans desire. The desire to the mind – set or belief that anyone can be successful if they worked hard for what they’ve been yearning. It is considered to be a ‘perfect life’; it can be full of money, contentedness or even love. There are many divergent opinions

How Fashion Has Transform An Image - 1103 Words

Fashion changes continuously, fashion can transform an image, as well as make a social statement. Fashion is defined as the prevailing style or custom. Some people find fashion an art form, to others it is a religion, for most everyday people fashion is a way of utilizing clothing and accessories to show-off or hide something about ourselves (Nellis, 2015). The average person uses fashion to keep their wardrobe up with the times. However we use or not use fashion, we are sending a statement. This paper will include recollections of my past life regarding clothing, times clothing gave me positive and negative feelings, I will also discuss people I look to for fashion direction, as well as my comfort level with fashion and cultural norms. My earliest recollection of my own clothing is a holiday dress I wore when I was four years old. It was Christmas Day and I remember many members of my extended family visiting. My mother was busy preparing dinner and attending to our guests. My dress was black velvet above the waist and a white poufy material below the waist. I wore white socks and black patent leather shoes, my mother curled my hair using sponge curlers. I remember playing cowboys and Indians with my brother, I wore a holster on my hips with a gun over my dress and a cowboy hat. My memory recall me chasing my brother around the dining room table and also shoot at our visitors. My mother always referred to me as a â€Å"Tomboy†, I suppose this is also my earliest recollection ofShow MoreRelatedPrincess Victoria And Prince Albert With Five Of Their Children1502 Words   |  7 Pageswe would interpret the objects or image we see through the knowledge and the beliefs that we understand. This explains that my in terpretation may be different from others as they know other information that I may not know, which can change the interpretation of the painting. 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Anti-Aging Compare Free Essays

Women’s Anti-Aging Products The flirts ant-aging product for women that I researched was LOLA Total Effects 7-Len-l Anta-Slang Moisturizer Mature Skin Therapy. The product weights 1. 07 oz and can be purchased at C. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti-Aging Compare or any similar topic only for you Order Now V. for $18. 99. The target audience of this product is a woman who is currently undergoing menopause because, according to the package, during this process skin ages twice its normal rate. Hence its name, the product offers 7 services; line minimization, intense moisture, skin tone enhancement, exfoliation, pore refinement, free radical defense and subtle lifting. This product is part of Lay’s Total Effects system. Of course for the best results they want you to purchase their other matching products such as their Total Effects cleanser. According to www. Wisped. Org, the Lola brand has an annual net sale of over 1 billion dollars and belong to parent company Proctor and Gamble. The second female anti-aging product that I researched was AVENUE Active Naturals Positively Radiant Ann-wrinkle Cream which retails for $15. 99 for 1. 7 oz at C.V.. According to its packaging, this formula has been clinically proven to soften fine lines and wrinkles as well as Improve skin texture by using natural Ingredients such as soy. The target audience of his product could not be specifically located. Much Like Lola, Avenue recommends pairing this product with other Avenue active natural products. Avenue belongs to parent company Johnson and Johnson. The last anti-aging product for women that I researched is Burst’s Bees Radiance Night Creme which retails for 14. 99 for jazz at C.V.. This product claims to use powerful ingredients found in nature, such as Royal Jelly, which will stimulate cellular renewal In skin and also diminish fine lines. Royal Jelly Is what worker bees feed their queen and consists of several essential amino acids and vitamins such as A, C and E. There was no target audience listed within the product description so I went to www. Burgesses. Com to investigate more. I did not find a specific audience there either but I did read testimonials for women who praised the product for not being harsh on their skin like other anti-aging products. The product follows the Beret’s Bee tradition of not being tested on animals and is also 99. 02% natural. The Beret’s Bees Incorporation was bought by the Color Company In 2007. Men’s Anti-Slang Products The first men’s anti;aging product that I researched was Men’s Expert Vita Lift Anti- Wrinkle and Firming Moisturizer by L’Oreal. This product retails at $10. 49 for 1. 6 oz. This product targets male consumers who wish to combat tired skin and wrinkles associated with aging who are in their ass. The two key ingredients to the product are Pro-Retinal and Par-Lastly. According to the package, the products full results can be seen after 4 weeks of dally use. Much like some of the women’s products I researched, this product Is part of a system that Includes other Items such as a face wash. This product is made by L’Oreal Paris which is owned by the L’Oreal Group which is the largest cosmetics business in the world. The second men’s anti-aging reduce that I researched was Naive for men Revitalization Lotion QUO which retails for $8. 99 at C.V.. Although is product is an anti-aging product, the word wrinkle never appears in It’s packaging but replaced with words Like tired or stressed skin. The product utilizes anta-slang component commence QUIZ wince Is naturally Tuna In ten skin. No specific audience was outright targeted in the labeling. Naive is owned by Beresford, a company based out of Germany. The last men’s anti-aging product for men that I researched was Nitrogen Men Triple Protect Face Lotion which retails for $7. 09 at drugstore. Mom. C.V. was limited to its men’s anti-aging products so I had to look to other sources. This product had the most simplistic information packaging, even for a men’s product. The product states it will â€Å"defend† skin by reducing the appearance of lines and rough texture for healthier skin. The product does not spe cifically list how the product works. Nitrogen is owned by the Johnson and Johnson Company. Women’s Anti-Aging Procedures Bottom injection is an anti-aging procedure which the doctor performs right in his/her office. Bottom works by paralyzing facial muscles which, if left to contract, would cause wrinkles. The age of the typical Bottom patient is a person between the ages of 35 to 60. The full results of the treatment can be seen in a week and lasts approximately three to five months. In the year 2007 there were more than 1. 6 million Bottom injections. The cost of the procedure can vary in price due to reasons such as severity of wrinkles , region and doctor but a patient can expect to pay anywhere from $125 to $400 for treatment. Although this procedure can be done on both men and women, I choose to select it for the women’s category due to the simple fact that the website where I found my information for the procedure, unrealistically. Mom, had an image of a woman on the Bottom page. The next procedure for women which I researched was the chemical peel. Chemical peels are used to remedy conditions such as fine lines, wrinkles and age spots on the hands, neck and face. The ideal peel candidate has fair skin and suffers from the previous conditions commonly associated with sun damage and aging. A chemical peel is not a solution for a person trying to rid themselves of deep wrinkles. The actual procedure involves putting a chemical, such as glycol or salicylic acid, to wound the skin in order for fresh younger’ skin to grow in its place. The cost of a peel coincides with the severity of the desired results. The most popular is a ‘mild’ one which costs approximately $150 – $300. â€Å"Deep† chemical peels can cost as much as $6000. According to the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, in 2003 facial peels generated a gross of $578,118,755 Just in the US. Radiometry is the last procedure for women which I researched. Radiometry, or the facilitate as it is more commonly known, is a procedure used to surgically remove wrinkles minored for the patient to look years younger. The average facilitate patient is between 40-50 years old but the reoccurred can be performed on a patient as old as 70. There are a variety of facilitate procedures but the most common is appropriately called the traditional facilitate. During the procedure the surgeon makes an incision along the hairline by the ear. The process can involve redistributing fat and removing excess skin. The trademark of the traditional facilitate is the tightening of the facial skin by pulling it back behind the ears. The average facilitate will set a patient back approximately $7000 with the majority of that money going to the surgeon for his/her fee. Men’s Anti-Aging Procedures. Hair transplantation is a procedure for men in which hair follicles from the back and side of the head, which are resistant to balding, are removed and relocated to a tangling spot. I en Ideal conflate Tort anal transplantation Is a man won NAS tangling hair. The procedure itself involves a series of grafts. The session can be a onetime event or require a series of visits. The number of grafts required ranger from an average 1500-4000 with a rate of approximately $5 each. Thus the total cost of the procedure can run anywhere from $6000-14000, depending on the severity of baldness and the rate of the doctor. Men can expect to go back to work with a few days after the procedure. Women are not the only sex that can benefit from a facilitate. Men go under the knife for this procedure hoping for the same results. While a face free of wrinkles can be obtained I did find a very interesting and humorous piece of information on the male facilitate. One of the consequences of the male face lift is that during the morning ritual of shaving, one might have to shave areas they didn’t before. Skin with hair follicles is pulled behind the ears. Simply put, you can grow a beard behind your ears if you don’t shave. In Dry. George Leftovers’ Manhattan office, a facilitate will set back the patient $9000-$12500 and they can expect to be back at work within 1-2 weeks. According to an article about men and plastic surgery on WebMD. Com, the most popular cosmetic procedure for men is boilerplate’s, better known as eyelid surgery. The procedure corrects sagging, puffiness and excess skin around the eyes which are commonly caused by aging. The WebMD article also states that businessmen are most likely to undergo the operation to increase their confidence and to keep up with younger male competitors. In Dry. George Leftovers’ Manhattan office, an eyelid procedure will set the patient back anywhere between $3500-$7000 dollars and they can expect to be back at work in approximately one week. Anti-Aging Products outside the US market in the Western World The first anti-aging product that I reached which had to be absent from the US market was Grainier Lift Anti-Wrinkle Firming Night Cream. The product can be bought in Canada and has the suggested retail price of 14,99$. According to the Canadian Grainier website this product will help improves skins elasticity due to natural extracts such as cherry and lubberly. I stumbled across this product after going to the Grainier website, clicking on the Canada site and taking an online quiz posing as Barbara, a 45 year old smoker who lives in the country. The quiz matched me with the product so I am going to assume that the target consumer would be in her ass. The only Grainier skin care line Nutritionists is available in the US. Grainier is a division of the L’Oreal Group. The second anti-aging product that I reached which had to be absent from the US market was also a Grainier Lift product. I investigated the Grainier Ultraist Reinforced Lifting Program by accessing Granger’s I-J website. As mentioned before, the only Grainier skincare product available in the US is Nutritionists. The Grainier Ultraist Reinforced Lifting program has two parts. The first part of the program involves applying a peeling solution to the face with cotton wool for five minutes. The website states that you are not to rinse the product. The next part of the program is to apply an anti- wrinkle cream with an SSP of 15. The website also gives the consumer a warning that although the product is designed to leave the skin feeling firm it does not actually rim or lift the skin. As mentioned before Grainier is a division of L’Oreal. The last anti-aging product that I discovered outside the US market was another Grainier product . Grainier Re-De TTY Night cream retails at SSL /. Y at Australian online drugstore pharmacy. Com. AU. The only other valuable information on the website is that the product contains ml. According to Granger’s Australian website the product is geared towards mature skin with deep wrinkles. The most interesting claim is that this product will help plump up thin skin. Again, Grainier is a division of L’Oreal. Anti-aging products not available to the US market found in Asia This part of the research was definitely the most straining. In the beginning of this project I was trying to process too much information and now I find myself trying to process not enough. At the Chinese website for Grainier I discovered one solitary line for anti- aging called Aqua Defense. I cannot read Chinese characters but it would appear that this product helps erase and prevent age spots. Next I went to the Japanese L’Oreal Paris website and discovered an anti-aging product called Revivalist White. I an read Japanese as well as I can read Chinese so I put the product through a search engine and found the product for sale on eBay in Malaysia. This product is exclusive to Asia and has two functions, to whiten the skin and to increase firmness. The last product that I researched was also a L’Oreal brand called UP Perfect. Once again due to the language barrier and lack of information posted on the web in English I cannot go into great detail about this product but I can say that it’s a top selling product in Taiwan due to the large â€Å"#1† next to the product on the weapon and that it has an SSP of 50! How to cite Anti-Aging Compare, Papers

Scarlet Letter Essays (203 words) - English-language Films

Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the heroine is admired because of her strong will, and disregard for other's views of her. Hester Pryne displays her best qualities when she stands up to Governor Bellingham and his gang, when they confront her about her daughter Pearl. Hester is a woman that is well ahead of her time, she is vocal, proud, head-strong, and confident, in an age where women were to be seen and not heard. She was deeply admired by all the townspeople, despite her adulterous past, and public shame of wearing a scarlet "A" upon her breast. Hester is a victim of a crime which was severely punished despite the fact that she could only be accountable for half of the incident. She was forced into the marriage of a man she did not love, and after being separated for a long amount of time, she became attracted to another man. Hester is much stronger then her partner in adultery, Dimmesdale, who bottles up his guilt inside, and eventually dies due to the suffering he endures, at keeping the event a secret. Hester endures her punishment without a word against it, and grows from it, making her stronger and a woman to be admired from her puritan counterparts, and women today.

Centre for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy (CSTM) School of Management and Governance The WritePass Journal

Centre for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy (CSTM) School of Management and Governance Centre for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy (CSTM) School of Management and Governance 1 Background and Rationale for the Study1.1 Background1 The Concept of CSR1.1.1 Definition of CSR1.1.2 Sustainability1.1.3 Scope of CSR1.1.4 CSR International StandardsThe Global Reporting Initiative:SA8000: Ethical Trading Initiative Base code:AA1000:ISO (esp. 14000 9000):The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: 1.2 Corporate Social Responsibility1.3 Problem Statement1.4 General Research Objective1.5 Research Question1.6 The Scope and Significant of the Study2 Review of Related Literature2.1 CSR in Today’s Company Success2.1.1 Elkington’s Triple Bottom Line2.1.2   CSR Aspect1.1.1  Ã‚   CSR Stakeholder1.1.1 CSR Initiatives1.1 Concept of CompetitivenessInternational competitiveness:National competitiveness:Local competitiveness:1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitiveness1.1.1 CSR impact on Image and Reputation1.1.1 Cost Saving1.1.2 CSR related Risk Management1.1.3 Increasing Revenue1.1.4 CSR impact on Human Resource2 Research Methodology and Pl anning2.1 Research Design1.1.1   Research Strategy Selection1.1.1 Data Collection1.1.2 Sample Selection1.1.1 Data Analysis1.1.2 Validity and Reliability1.2 Research Framework1.1 Planning and Timeline3 ReferenceRelated 1 Background and Rationale for the Study 1.1 Background Since the early nineties of the 20th century, Corporate Social Responsibility has received tremendous attention from different industries in China. It is because sustainability has had a significant impact on the global economy and social values. In this background, corporate social responsibility has become a worldwide social campaign. It was against this context that China’s exported-oriented labor-intensive industries realized how important to initiate CSR activities originated from the global supply chain, which can be regarded as passport for entering into global market and certificates for enhancing brand recognition and images. In China, Textile industry is the first open and export industry and it is also the first exporter and manufacturer of textile due to labor-intensive industry structure. Taking the advantage of exported-oriented policy for economic development, Chinese textile and apparel industries have been expanding their business boundary beyond domestic market to global scope. Meanwhile, more and more Chinese textile and apparel companies had been initiating CSR activities within companies. The reason for CSR initiatives does not come from recognition of potential benefits, rather than pure certifications for conducting international business. It is because developed countries, like USA and Europe, which are main clients of Chinese textile and apparel industry, thought China’s CSR activities is inefficient in terms of overtime working, low level salary and low labor standards. Due to these inefficient aspects of CSR, it makes China’s textile and apparel industry to be perceived wit h cost saving advantages. Therefore the global importers began to scrutinize the behavior of China’s textile and clothing industry in perspective of CSR, and asked them for CSR certification. However, most of CSR initiatives conducted by Chinese textile and apparel companies are not fruitful as they should be. For a long period, it seems that lots of companies confronted with the dilemma between CSR and competitiveness performance, which hinder the further spread of CSR in textile and clothing industry. There are several reasons contributing to this situation, including low level of CSR awareness and lack of enabling connection between competitiveness and CSR initiatives. Even though, CSR has become one of the central issues on the agenda of Chinese Organizations today, but is still a long way from being centre stage on corporate strategy (Stewart, 2006). One of the key problems is the lack of understanding about how CSR can have impact on competitiveness (Porter and Kramer, 2006). There are many studies trying to analyze the relationship between CSR and financial performance (Chand, 2006), but without satisfactory results. However, the financial performance cannot imply a long-term competitiveness (Porter and Kramer, 2006). In addition to financial performance, there are variety of aspects on value chain, implying a long-term competitive. The relationship between CSR and these aspects should be explicated analyzed in order to shed light on the potential power of CSR in terms of enhancing long-term competitiveness advantage. The purpose of this paper will explore the nature of the relationship between CSR and competitiveness among China textile and apparel companies, to demonstrate CSR can have positive impact on companies’ competitiveness. To achieve this purpose, one can argue that the competitiveness factors in textile sector can be summarized in terms of high product quality; niche market/product differentiation strategies; efficient processes; research and development; flexibility and fast response to market changes; HR and organizational culture[2], as described in Table1. The research in based on questionnaire survey in 2011 in Zhejiang Province. It is one of the most important textile and apparel production and export bases of China. Most of enterprises in Zhejiang Province are exported-oriented and small-medium-sized. However, the CSR consciousness is weak, and CSR relating issues such as pollution, tax-evading and the friction in terms of long working hours and low level salary, occurs f rom time to time. As an important base of textile and apparel in China, the enterprises in Zhejiang Province are confronting with various challenges in terms of lack of CSR initiatives and decreasing amount of export. It is mainly due to lack of awareness of how CSR can impact on long- term companies’ competitiveness. Therefore, it is a typical and representative area to study with in order to promote the spread of application of CSR standards in companies with low level CSR consciousness and those considering CSR standards as a redundant investment. The following Table ranks aspects of competitiveness according to their importance. Table 1 Competitive Profile of Textile Sector Source: Andre Martinuzzi, Sabine Gisch-Boie,Adele Wiman (2010). 1 The Concept of CSR The concept of CSR originated in the developed countries. This section reviews its definitions, relationship to sustainability, its scope and international standards. The extent of economic development stage in China is different from the developed economics, therefore, the recognition of CSR will be different comparing to that in the developed economics. The discussion will be deferred until section 1.3. 1.1.1 Definition of CSR Despite the awareness of CSR can be traced back to 1924 when Oliver Sheldon first proposed the concept, it is in the last twenty years that CSR has become an critical part of the international business environment. Main reason contributing to this situation stemmed from consumer and civil society pressures for companies to conducting business in a socially responsible way while pursuing profit. In developed countries, this can be reflected on asking companies to act beyond what the law requires them to do. The following are several examples of the definition of CSR. By these definitions, CSR is: â€Å"Being socially responsible means not only fulfilling legal expectations, but also going beyond compliance and investing more into human capital, the environment and relations with stakeholders.†(European Union, 2001) â€Å"The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development, while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.†(World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2001) â€Å"Operating a business in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business† (Business for Social Responsibility, see BSR, 2006) What these definitions shed light on is the broad recognition of contingent stakeholders that not only include shareholders, but also workers, the local community, and society as a whole. While the shareholders are only concerned about companies’ profits, other stakeholder cares about humane treatment of the workforce, the environment, the coherence of society, as well as product quality. In many, circumstances, these two strands of interests conflict with each other. 1.1.2 Sustainability The original meaning of sustainability, as defined by the Brundtland Commission, is meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. When put this concept into corporate world, it means that the way companies conducting business should contribute to the sustainability development of society. In other words, sustainability is about ensuring long-terms business success while contributing towards economic and social development, a healthy environmental and a stable society. (Developing Value, 2005) There are three components of sustainability, often referred to as â€Å"the three P’s†, â€Å"People, planet, and Profits†, or the â€Å"Triple Bottom Line† (Developing Value, 2005). Broadly speaking, the meanings of sustainability coincide with those of CSR. This report will use CSR to the responsibilities companies own to society. 1.1.3 Scope of CSR According to a UNIDO report (UNIDO, 2002), there are three generations of CSR. The first generation focuses on philanthropic activities. At this stage, companies regard CSR as a pain reliever that helps them to improve public image among the general public. The second generation incorporates CSR as one of a company’s integral business strategies that bring tangible gains. This generation of CSR sheds light on business case and makes it a really voluntary action of the company. The third generation goes one step further and calls for companies to actively pursue public good, that is, to make the pursuit of public good an intrinsic part of their goals. Currently, companies are in the transition from the first generation to the second generation and the third generation has yet to come. The following Tableshows different action within different generations. Table2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scope of CSR in Different Generation Source: UNIDO (2002) Area of action First generation Second generation Third generation Focus of accountability From Legal and traditional stakeholder to Direct stakeholders, short-term impacts To Broad range of stakeholders, long-term impacts Business case From Pain alleviation To Cost-benefit rationale To Strategic alignment Level of engagement From Compliance with legal responsibilities To Harm minimization To Social value creation Degree of influence From Market actions to Market remolding to Policy influence 1.1.4 CSR International Standards Worldwide concerns over CSR and cross-border auditing have raised the need of international standards. Some of the standards are guidelines for voluntary incorporation of CSR into company management systems; other requires certification. The UNIDO report provides a sample of CSR standards. The Global Reporting Initiative: â€Å" The GRI is a long-term multi-stakeholder, international undertaking whose mission is to develop and disseminate globally applicable sustainability reporting guidelines for voluntary use by organizations reporting on the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of their activities, products and services.† (GRI, 2000) The GRI was a result of the coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies In partnership with the United Nations Environment Program. SA8000: This was developed by Social Accountability International. It has a standard for workplace conditions and a system for independent verification of companies’ compliance. Besides drawing from usual industrial standards ensuring product quality, it also adds several elements of human rights. Ethical Trading Initiative Base code: This is a global standard for employment and working conditions, linked directly to ILO Conventions and the UN Declaration of Human Rights and Rights of the child. It is a partnership with three types of members, i.e., companies, unions, and NGOs. AA1000: this is an accountability standard developed by the Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability. It focuses on securing the quality of social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting. ISO (esp. 14000 9000): The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) administers over 11,000 standards. CSR-related ISO standards mainly focus on customers, staff and suppliers in the delivery of quality system for products (ISO9000) and environmental (ISO14000) management. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: The guidelines provide voluntary principles and standards for responsible business conduct consistent with applicable laws. They aim to ensure that the operation of international enterprises are consistent with government policies, to reinforce relationship between enterprises and society, to help improve the foreign investment climate and to enhance their contribution to sustainable development. 1.2 Corporate Social Responsibility To most of Chinese enterprises, the concept of CSR has not strong influence the way enterprise conducting business. It is because they are not familiar with such concept. The introduction has been regarded as an necessary step when China is entering into the wave of globalization. The initiative of CSR in China can be summarized into three phases (Zhou, 2006). The first phase is from 1999 to2000. China began to introduce the concept of CSR. It is mainly by auditing domestic suppliers by international companies. The second phase from 2000 to 2004, was Mr. Zhou calls â€Å"the wait –and-see years†. In this period, the domestic suppliers underwent intensive auditing effort and requirement from their overseas business partners. The trend cause the attention of several key government ministries including the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and the Ministry of Commerce. The main concern from this government department focuses on how CSR can be used as a non-tariff barri er in terms of Chinese exports. As a result, Chinese official and scholars did not take immediate action, but rather a wait-and-see attitude toward CSR. The third phase was from 2004 until now. The main feature of this period was seen commitment of business, governments, media, and scholars in the introduction and implementation of CSR. The most fruitful achievement has been active initiatives from the society. Government and business sectors have good cooperation to promote CSR and integrate it into core business strategies. in addition to establishing several government organization in order to promote the wild spread of CSR and enhance CSR performance of Chinese companies, the Ministry of Commerce launched China’s own CSR standard and in 2005, textile industry had initiative to implement a standard specifically for the industry, China Social Compliance for Textile and Apparel Industry, or CSC 9000T. The textile industry was the first industry to undergo pressures from their business partner abroad as China is the largest textile exporter, so it is very reasonable to initiate CSR in textile sector. Beside the efforts from government and business initiatives, the media can also be accounted as an increasingly important promoter. Although, there may be no CSR mentioned in repots, but they help to reveal the serious violation of labor right, environmental regulations and product quality accidents. (Y.YAO, 2008) The China News Weekly is a news organization. It promotes CSR through various activities. One of these activities is the annual international forum for social responsibility, which invites renowned government officials, people, scholars and other stakeholders from business sectors. From 2006, it has been held two times a year. Many international companies such as Intel, HP, Samsung, and Shell together with large domestic companies such as Lenovo, Haier, and Cosco have joined in the forum. One of the form events is to issue the award called â€Å"Most Socially Responsible Company†. The award stared in 2005 and became the most influencing award in China. 1.3 Problem Statement This study will explore that if it can be proclaimed a relationship between the implementation of CSR standard and competitiveness performance. Currently, China’s economy is gradually melting into the wave of globalization, there is imperative requirement from international companies for compliance under international standards as the CSR one. In some cases, this is seen as a precondition for continuous business. Furthermore, Chinese companies have been undergoing serious CSR auditing. The pressure from abroad promotes the spread of CSR certification in China. However, the starting point of its implementation should not just narrow on overcoming the trade barrier, a certification for export, compliance with national laws or fulfill the requirement from abroad business partners, but on truly comprehending how does the implementation can influence the business performance and what benefits can CSR standards actually bring? The main theoretical hypothesis is that companies implem enting CSR standards can gain a competitive advantage in Chinese market. It is the combination of this consideration that has led the researcher to carry out an investigation on relationship between implementation of CSR standard and competitiveness performance. 1.4 General Research Objective The objective of this study is to promote certification of CSR in China by demonstrating there are positive relationships between CSR and competitiveness indicators. Due to the enormous number of companies in the Chinese context, this study will focus on the textile and clothing companies in Zhejiang Province. 1.5 Research Question The aim of this research work is to analyze whether the implementation of CSR standards contribute to improving companies’ competitiveness. Therefore the driven research question of this study can be established as following: What is the relationship between CSR and competitive advantage? What initiatives have Chinese companies conducted in the last years as part of the CSR reports? What is the perception of CSR reports in the last years? (Benefits? or Pit holes?) What lessons can be learnt from literature about relationship between CSR and competitiveness? How can CSR be considered as a source of competitiveness? (crossing criteria between CSR and competitiveness) 1.6 The Scope and Significant of the Study This study will mainly focus on exploring the relationship between CSR and companies’ competitiveness indicators of textile and clothing industry in Zhejiang Province. The study will cover the existing CSR initiatives in companies, the impacts from CSR, and relationship between CSR and competitiveness. The survey groups were selected from companies with CSR report in Zhejiang Province. It is hoped that the study will useful to promote wild spread of CSR standard in Zhenjiang Province and in China as a whole. By demonstrating the connection between CSR standard and competitiveness, it will make companies realize that investment on CSR is not just focusing on image improvement in short term, but also enhancing competitiveness in long term. The targeted groups will also benefit from the study as they will be able to go beyond the superficial understanding of benefits brought by CSR. The knowledge and experience stemmed from participation in survey will also help them revise and improve the CSR practice. The research will be as a pilot study for further study in investigating the relationship between various aspects of CSR and competitiveness. This will lead to the prevalence of CSR implementation in China’s different industry. 2 Review of Related Literature A review of the key issues in the existing literature related to the CSR, Competitiveness and its relationship will be presented under this chapter. It will primarily focus on CSR and competitiveness. Then, It will also go further to discuss the relationship between CSR and competitiveness. 2.1 CSR in Today’s Company Success 2.1.1 Elkington’s Triple Bottom Line In 1994, John Elkington defined this term as the Triple Bottom Line as a guideline for companies to focus not only on economic performance but also environmental and social values. The three bottom lines have three important aspects in terms of economic, environmental, and social bottom lines. The lines some times are also referred to 3Ps in terms of Profit, Planet, and People (Elkington, 2001). The basic rationale behind this approach is that sustainable companies must be financially secure, must minimize or ideally eliminate its negative environmental impacts, and must act in conformity with the expectations which society places on companies (Juholin, 2007). The economic line refers to the regular accounting of financial performance. It is conducted through mandatory accounting due to laws, annual conference with stakeholders, and reports. The second bottom line refers to environmental aspects. It focuses on environmental accounting with the aim to identify costs and benefits in the accounting system related to the environment. The last line refers to social bottom aspect. It is concerning impact companies have on people (Elkington, 2001). When it comes to the Triple Bottom Lines and its linkage to CSR, Elkington (2004) states that â€Å"it is a tem which is often used to describe companies’ success in those three areas. Elkington (2001) further recommends that the Triple Bottom Lines could be regarded as a framework for companies measuring and reporting their progress in the three areas, the 3Ps. The Triple Bottom Line involved in CSR is a broad term (Elkington, 2001). In the meanwhile, other researchers have dug a bit deeper into the subject of what areas companies are responsible for (Andriof Mclntosh, 2001) 2.1.2   CSR Aspect Current CSR seems to be an unclear defined concept, which includes so many diverse concepts. These concepts are related to different aspect of CSR, for instance, environment, public relationship and stakeholder. The following framework presented by takes all the concepts into considerations. The framework is presented in Figure 1, which can assist companies to analyze their current CSR position and give a direction to develop CSR. The issues can be classified into fourteen aspects, when companies think of CSR. The following Figure categorize different CSR aspects into internal environment; external environment; mixed. Source: Kok et al (2001) There are several reasons why most of companies should use this framework. One reason is that I can be utilized in CSR planning process in order to analyze existing internal and external practices. Second, it can help companies identify its weaknesses and strengths. Third, it can make the development of CSR simpler as it provides existing data for companies’ CSR implementation. Finally, it can find identify the ones who are able to contribution to CSR activities. (Kok et al, 2001) 1.1.1  Ã‚   CSR Stakeholder The term â€Å"stakeholder† has a wild scope according to O’Riordan and Fairbass (2008). It has been defined as meaning â€Å"all groups and individuals who can affect or are affected by the achievements of an organization’s mission†. Stakeholders can be regarded as crucial element in companies’ external environment, and they act either formally or informally, individually or collectively, and can so on positively or negatively affect companies. (O’Riordan, 2008 and Fairbass, 2008) Based on above consideration, therefore, it is crucial for companies to find out to whom they are responsible and how far that responsibility extends, and then, prioritize different stakeholder groups as different companies has different situation. After this companies should evaluate stakeholder expectations through dialogue and incorporate these expectations into its CSR plan ( Castka et al, 2004) There exists subtle difference between investments in CSR activities and regular investments. CSR investment activities should focus on lying on pursuit of trade-off between profit maximization and stakeholder demands satisfaction ( Castka et al, 2004). The following Figure shows companies should balance profit from CSR and its demand for CSR. Castka et al, (2004) 1.1.1 CSR Initiatives In terms of initiatives, there are mainly six areas, which are included in most of companies. The following Table shows six major initiatives are proposed together with their respective benefits and concerns Table3 Six Dimensions of CSR Initiatives Source: Kotler and Lee (2005) 1.1 Concept of Competitiveness There is lack of clearly defined concept of competitiveness. It is because there is too much diverse perspectives and different levels of analysis when conducted competitiveness analysis. By analyzing the different definitions of competitiveness perspectives, it is possible to establish a common basis. Competitiveness is generally defined as â€Å"Ability of a firm or a nation to offer products and services that meet the quality standards of the local and world markets at prices that are competitive and provide adequate returns on the resources employed or consumed in producing them[1]†. The factors, which determines the capability of firm or nation to outweigh the ability of its competitors is the capacity to utilize its own resources as effective and efficient as possible in order to obtain a better performance. Based on this consideration, it is important to analyze different actors on the competition arena. The following will distinguish three basic actors: A single firm or plant. At this level, the concept means that companies can produce goods and services more effectively and efficiently than its counterparts. In order to achieve this ideal performance, companies should relay on competitive factors, mainly focusing on efficient utilization of some inputs. A paper from OECD (2003) states â€Å"Competitiveness is primarily a matter of being able to produce goods that are either cheaper or better than those produced by other firms†. This statement is similar to what Jenkins (1998) states â€Å"A firm is competitive if it can produce products or services of a superior quality or at lower costs than its domestics and international competitors. It is therefore synonymous of a firm’s long-run profit performance and its ability to compensate its employees and provide superior returns to its owners†. A group of firms. At this level, the competitiveness means that different groups of companies utilize competitive factors, (For example, companies in similar industrial sectors, but in different nations), to gain a better performance on the local or international markets. In this case, to aggregate the performance of the single firm in the same operating in the same cluster can be regarded as the most effective way to measure the competitive performance. This level has closely connection with previous one, but not the same. Actually, a competitive industry can be regarded as the combination of a number of high competitive firms. A territorial context. At this level, the concept implies that the competitive performance of nations or regions is combination of wide range of performances at the industry, firm and plant levels, and of their interactions with the institutional and social factors (cosmic report, 2009). So, this level cannot be simply regarded as the aggregation of the previous ones. After the identification of the actors on different levels, we can go forward to the issue related to the dimension of competitiveness. Based on previous analysis, at least three dimensions of competitiveness can be defined: International competitiveness: At this level, competitiveness mainly refers to the success with which an entity (i.e. a country, a sector/industry, and a firm) competes against overseas counterparts (cosmic report, 2008). The OECD provided the most important and widely-used definition of international competitiveness: â€Å" the degree to which (a country) under free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the tests of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people over the longer term† (OECD) National competitiveness: At this level, it focuses on how to measure competitiveness in terms of growth of Gross Domestics Product or Gross National Product, GDP and import export flows. National competitiveness, from perspective of most authors, rest on how efficient a country can allocate its resources and utilized at micro level. Local competitiveness: At this level, two elements relating to link between territorial localization and competitiveness seems to be key elements. The first is that economic, entrepreneurial and technological activities tend to agglomerate at certain places, leading to patterns of regional and local specialization. The second is that the competitive performance and development of a firm seem to be determined to a considerable extent by the conditions that prevail in its environment, and that the conditions in the immediate proximity (cosmic report, 2008) After the analysis of the competitiveness actors and arenas, the next step will go deeply into the crucial variables affecting competitiveness together with the ways to measure them. There are many factors influencing competitiveness on different level according to previous analysis of actors and arenas. In addition, different definitions of competitiveness in terms of different levels also provide clue for measuring the concept of competitiveness. By evaluating existing approach, two major methods can be distinguished for measurement (cosmic report, 2008): The first one focuses on analyzing the drivers of the competitiveness. For instance, resource productivity at firm level, the degree of internationalization at sector level). The second one tries to investigate the external effects of the competitiveness success. For instance, market performance by market share; the turnover growth rate. With the consideration of the ways to measure competitiveness, it is important to remember that competitiveness can be regarded at different levels of aggregation. Each one may be composed and influenced by different variables. (Cosmic report, 2008) Based on above analysis, competitiveness can be measured at three different levels in terms of Macro level; Meso level; Micro level as described in Table The research mainly focuses on the second level of competitiveness, which is on Meso level. The indicator in the Table3 for measuring competitiveness is a ground base for companies who are going to analyze its competitiveness capability. But each sector has its unique feature, therefore, it is wise to develop corresponding competitive indicator based on this ground base. Based on this consideration, the competitive indicators in textile cloth industry were identified based on the general indicators, including high product quality; niche market/product differentiation strategies; efficient processes; research and development; flexibility and fast response to market changes; HR and organizational culture, which are regarded as the most important indicator for measuring competitiveness in Textile and clothing industry as described in Table1 1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitiveness There is lack of literature on CSR and competitiveness, despite the number of this kind of study has increased exponentially in past few years. Most of previous studies tried to prove there is positive relationship between CSR and financial performance (M Tsoutsoura, 2004), although the results is mixed. Other researchers have came up with alternative approaches, such as creating a competitive advantage by generating stakeholder value (Freeman,1984), appraising how CSR can have influence on competitiveness such as reputation and image(Marc Vilanova,  Josep Maria Lozano  and  Daniel Arenas, 2008), or conducting case studies related to CSR, which conclude that implementing CSR contributes to both short-term profits and long-term competitiveness (Juholin, 2004). Weber (2008) proposed five main areas of benefits from CSR activities by extracting from existing research on CSR business benefits as described in Figure 3 Weber (2008), pp240 1.1.1 CSR impact on Image and Reputation A company’s image plays very crucial role in pursuit of business success, which can be influenced by communication with stakeholder and reputation of a company. It is kind of unconscious response which people have when they talk about a company (Weber, 2008). The image of companies cannot be influenced by single factors but when these factors combine with each other, companies can suffer from this combination dramatically. A reputation of a company is important and valuable assets. A positive one may bring many benefits to a company, however, a negative one may cause significantly harm to it. A company reputation is closely tied up with its stakeholders’ emotional beliefs about it. Image is not as the same as the reputation as it can change very quickly, but reputation needs long period to develop. Reputation needs to be consistent performance and deliver these performances to stakeholders. (Weber, 2008) The following Figure shows factors influencing companies’ reputation. Montgomery Ramus, 2003 1.1.1 Cost Saving Companies can significantly reduce costs by substituting materials during the implementation of CSR strategy, by improving communications with corresponding stakeholders, which can contribute to time saving or increasing chances to assess to capital. All these benefits related to cost saving can be derived from CSR related activities. (Weber, 2008) 1.1.2 CSR related Risk Management CSR can also be regarded as a mean to either reduce or manage CSR related risks. Through CSR assistance, company can better manage CSR related risks, including avoiding customer boycotts or negative press. (Weber, 2008) 1.1.3 Increasing Revenue CSR can contribute to revenue increase either directly by CSR-driven niche market or indirectly by image or reputation improvement. (Weber, 2008) 1.1.4 CSR impact on Human Resource CSR plays important role in stimulating motivation. It is because people may be motivated by the facts that they are working for a company with better environmental record or better working conditions, or the facts that they may participate in CSR related activities, including volunteering program organized by company (Weber, 2008), as   motivation mostly is value-driven rather than money-driven. Good payment is also important factors, which cannot be neglected as it is basic need of all employees. However, making employee feel proud of place where they are working for is also important. â€Å"Employee retention is most strongly influenced by the behavior of the organization and its senior leaders as well as the learning and career development opportunities available for employee,† said Hamish Deery. CSR includes concern for employee s’ wellbeing as well as a concern for the environment. Through CSR activities, companies can create these benefits for employee. It has more possibility to maintain employees. Hamish Deery also mentioned that â€Å" in this current tight labor market, companies that do not engage and empower through a range of initiatives such as providing training or personal and career development opportunities, are going to end up struggling to keep quality employee,†. So CSR activities plays crucial role in companies’ retention. Furthermore, companies with good CSR practice can also have influence on attractiveness of companies. (Weber, 2008) This attractiveness also plays important role when it comes to recruitment process. Numbers of companies have noticed that it is important to attract talent employees as these employees are value asset of companies as well as important part in creating competitiveness advantage. Therefore, company should realize the important role CSR activities play in recruitment of quality employees. 2 Research Methodology and Planning This section will elaborate on the research approach for the intended study on CSR and competitiveness. It will explain the methods that will be utilized in data collection to help in the achievement of the research objective. This section will also elaborate on how to analyze and manage the collected data under derived from planned activities within the time frame. 2.1 Research Design The project duration is from May to September 2011. In order to achieve the research objective, close-end questionnaire will be submitted by email to companies with CSR standards; and in-depth interviews aims to obtain real experience about relationship between CSR and competitiveness from mangers in Zhejiang Province’s textile and clothing companies. The project therefore, will focus on combination with survey and interviews in order to explore the relationship between CSR and competitiveness. The following Tableshows how research questions will be answered and what kinds of methods; information sources; preparation will be need for answering these questions. 1.1.1   Research Strategy Selection The strategy of the study will focus on survey. Survey approach refers to a systematic method for gathering information from a sample of individuals for the purpose of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals are members[1].The survey approach has been chosen because the researcher intends to analyze the relationship between CSR and competitiveness in a statistics way. The relationship between these two concepts are so abstractive that it will be difficult to shed light on the linkage without survey approach as it provides numbers and trends in diagram, which is more visual than words description. There are two kinds of survey in terms of how to structure survey. The following table shows categories of survey and its key features. Table 6 Aspect of Survey Method Source: adapted from Dawson, Catherine, 2002 1.1.1 Data Collection The research was initiated by the use of academic literature in responding to CSR, competitiveness and their relationship. Primary data were collected through interviews both face to face and phone correspondence. Primary data will be information collected directly from the interviewees in efforts to directly understand individual experiences. Meanwhile, through the questionnaire, data will also be emerged as primary data, which the researchers used to validate some of the information collected. In terms of second data, it includes literature, report and article collected as theoretical framework. 1.1.2 Sample Selection Due to the enormous textile and clothing companies in China, it is time and cost consuming to include the entire population in the research, which refers to census study as the data is gathered on every member of the population. A small, but carefully chosen sample will be used to represent the population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. There are two ways to conduct sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability methods refer to that each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of be selected. In non-probability, members are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner.6 The following table shows the categories of sampling and key features. Table7 Aspects of Sampling Source: Kumar, Ranjit, 2005 The author of this research is using convenience sampling. This method is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth.6when choosing the sample of this research, the author have certain criteria to direct the selection. The criteria refer to â€Å"companies with best CSR performance† awarded by CSR organization in China[1], which guarantee the representative of sample. 1.1.1 Data Analysis In order to demonstrate the relationship between CSR and competitivness, firstly, six competitive indictors were defined including high product quality; niche market/product differentiation strategies; efficient processes; research and development; flexibility and fast response to market changes; HR and organizational culture. These indicators have the most representative features in terms of competitiveness in textile industry. Then, a correlation between CSR and these six indictors can be established through analyzing data collected by questionnaires. By linking CSR and these six competitiveness indicators and analyzing them, the purpose of this research can be fulfilled. Data analysis will be done after data collection since the raw data should be code and put into SPSS software. The data collected from the interviewers will be analyzed based on the literature study CSR and competitiveness. By using SPSS, it is very easy to testify whether there is a relationship between CSR and competitiveness indicator. Such data will also be further judged by information from interviews. 1.1.2 Validity and Reliability Polit and Hungler (1993) refer to reliability as the degree of consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute it is designed to measure. The questionnaires will be sent to different companies, which will be answered and conducted by target groups, reveal consistency in response. Questionnaires will be designed in interviewee’s language in order to make it easy to understand, in order to reduce issues related to miscommunication. Following the interviews, the questionnaires will be translated into English in order to guarantee its consistency and readability. Avoiding data collector bias can also ensure reliability. The researcher’s being the only one to administer the questionnaires minimized data collector bias. The validity of an instrument is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure (Polit Hungler 1993). Content validity refers to the extent to which an instrument represents the factors under study. To achieve content va lidity, questionnaire includes a variety of questions on the knowledge of CSR, competitiveness indicators and CSR impacts on these indicators. Questions will be based on information gathered during the literature review to ensure that they will be representative of what researchers should know about CSR, competitiveness indicators and CSR impacts on these indicators. Content validity will be further ensured by consistency in administering the questionnaires. The questions will be formulated in simple language for clarity. Clear instructions will be given to the target groups. There will be also limitations in the research in terms of duration, width and depth of data collection, opportunity to test results and recommendations. 1.2 Research Framework The research framework is presented in Figure 9 below. It is in three sections: section (a) shows the literature review related to CSR and competitiveness which then leads to the development of key dimension of indicator of competitiveness. Section (b) illustrates how research process are going to go forward based on literature review and survey results analysis. Section(c) shows how the results obtained from analysis will then be used to demonstrate the relationship between CSR and competitiveness. 1.1 Planning and Timeline With the consideration of above research framework, the different activities are presented as indicated in Table8 Table8 Activity Plan 3 Reference